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FORENSIC PHYSICIANS

Forensic physicians are independent. They are usually known as Police Surgeons in the United Kingdom. However, in London they are called Forensic Medical Examiners and Forensic Medical Officers in Northern Ireland.

SUMMARY OF SERVICE

Forensic physicians offer medical care and, when required, forensic assessment of prisoners and suspects in police custody, complainants (alleged victims) of crime, police officers injured whilst on duty and attend scenes of death to pronounce life extinct. They provide interpretation of their findings to the police, courts and sometimes to social services verbally and in writing. Statements for court and presentation of their evidence in court is required in a proportion of these cases.

STATUS

Forensic physicians are self-employed, independent and individually appointed (usually contracted) to provide their services to relevant police authorities. They may hold further contracts of service with private security companies, acting as custodians of prisoners in courts, to provide medical care to these detainees. Most forensic physicians are general practitioners who provide a part-time service in clinical forensic medicine; some are engaged in other medical specialities. A few, mainly in busy metropolitan areas, work exclusively as forensic physicians.

GROUPS

Most of these doctors work in groups who join together on a rota to provide medical services within a particular area, around the clock and 365 days a year. Some are partners in general practice but often there is no partnership agreement between the doctors in each group.

WORKLOAD

The hours worked and the number of cases seen within those hours varies throughout the country and from day to day. In some rural areas, where the workload is light, the forensic physician may be on duty for several days whilst in the busy urban areas the doctor will only be on duty for hours (usually 12 to 24) at a time.

TRAINING

Forensic physicians should undergo an initial training course on commencement of this work and have the opportunity to attend further courses throughout their careers. Practical and theoretical instruction is given by an experienced member (of the group to which they have been assigned) before they attend calls alone. Specific training is given for examination of complainants of serious sexual assault, for examination of alleged victims of child sexual assault and for mental health assessments.

HIGHER QUALIFICATIONS

The Diploma in Medical Jurisprudence (DMJ Clinical) is awarded by the Society of Apothecaries and is a specific post-graduate qualification for clinical forensic medicine. It is a two part examination; both parts have two written papers and a viva, however Part 11 can only be taken after three years experience in clinical forensic medicine and also involves the preparation of a case book containing ten varied cases with which the doctor has been involved. There are specialist courses available to assist the doctors studying for this examination e.g. The DMJ Study Group (London) and FAGIN (Forensic Academic Group in the North). The Society of Apothecaries has introduced The Mastership in Medical Jurisprudence (MMJ), a higher qualification in clinical forensic medicine.

ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIETIES

Most active forensic physicians are members of the Association of Police Surgeons, which provides an academic and a social forum. There are other societies and associations which provide an interface between medicine and the law (Section of Clinical Forensic and Legal Medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine, Medico-Legal Society, The British Academy of Forensic Sciences, The Forensic Science Society etc.).

FACILITIES

Police Stations provide medical examination rooms equipped to various standards. Specific examination suites are available for examination of complainants of adult and child sexual assault. Colposcopes (providing a bright light source and magnification) attached to a video recording facility are now provided in some of these suites. Doctors may be requested to attend home addresses, examination suites, hospitals or their own surgery premises to conduct examinations and to attend scenes of crime or death, usually to pronounce life extinct. Forensic sampling kits are provided by the police in accordance with National Guidelines. Forensic physicians are expected to provide their own medical bag containing the necessary equipment for examinations and essential medication. Specific medication may be prescribed by private (not NHS) prescription which is paid for and collected by the police. An independent means of transport is an essential requirement as are facilities for easy and rapid contact (mobile telephone, pager). Medical reports and statements should be typed and checked. Storage facilities for medical records, which must be retained and retrievable, must be provided by the forensic physician..

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

Prisoner examinations:
The custodians of prisoners are obliged to call a forensic physician when they suspect, or are aware of, any physical illness, mental health problem or injury of the detainee. The forensic physician in attendance is responsible for the clinical needs of a detainee and should also consider their well-being (food, drink, rest, warmth etc.).

The doctor is usually requested to provide an opinion on one or more of the following:
¡¤ Fitness to be detained in police custody e.g. general medical assessment, requirement for medication, referral to hospital.
¡¤ Fitness to be released e.g. sobered up sufficiently to release safely.
¡¤ Fitness to be charged: competent to comprehend charge.
¡¤ Fitness to transfer e.g. when wanted on warrant elsewhere, possibly long journey.
¡¤ Fitness to be interviewed by the police. A detained person may be unfit for interview when:
a) Conducting an interview could worsen any existing physical or mental illness to a significant degree.
b) Anything said or done by the detained person at the time of detention may be considered unreliable in subsequent court proceedings because of the physical or mental state of the detainee.
¡¤ Requirement of an appropriate adult e.g. vulnerable, mentally disordered.
¡¤ Assessment of alcohol and drug intoxication and withdrawal.
¡¤ Comprehensive examination to assess a person¡¯s ability to drive a motor vehicle.
¡¤ Undertake intimate body searches for drugs (not on police premises)

Prisoner and alleged victim examinations:
The doctor is expected to:
¡¤ Make precise documentation and interpretation of injuries.
¡¤ Take forensic samples.
¡¤ Deal with police officers injured whilst on duty including needle stick injuries.
¡¤ Pronounce life extinct at a scene and give an opinion on whether there are any suspicious circumstances.
¡¤ Give advice to the police when requested.
¡¤ Undertake mental state examinations.
In addition, doctors with sufficient training and experience may be requested to:
¡¤ Examine adult complainants of serious sexual assault and the alleged perpetrators
¡¤ Examine alleged child victims of neglect, physical or sexual abuse; the latter ideally undertaken jointly with a paediatrician.
¡¤ Undertake mental health assessments and become Section 12 (MHA 1983 England and Wales) approved forensic physicians.

Diversionary Programmes
The forensic physician is expected to liaise with other custody user groups such as drug referral schemes and those projects that encourage appropriate diversion from custody of the mentally ill.

Subsequent to these examinations:
Statements may be requested by the police and, later, attendance at court may be required. Other reports may be requested e.g. by solicitors, social services, Criminal Injuries Compensation Board (C.I.C.B). The more experienced forensic physician may be requested, by the prosecution or by the defence, to provide expert opinion on particular cases.

CONSENT AND CONFIDENTIALITY

Forensic examinations are performed to obtain information which may ultimately be used in evidence in court proceedings. In obtaining consent, the doctor must make this clear to the examinee. The purpose of the examination must be understood and consent freely given and the examinee must be aware that they are under no obligation to give this consent.

THE ROLE OF THE INDEPENDENT FORENSIC PHYSICIAN (Police Surgeon, Forensic Medical Examiner, Forensic Medical Officer)
Revised September 1999 by: Dr Jo Howitt and Dr Margaret Stark
On behalf of the Education and Research Sub-Committee of the Association of Police Surgeons